Capillary Malformations  (Port-wine Stains)

What are capillary malformations?

Capillary malformations, also known as "port-wine stains," are a problem with the way some veins grow. They cause a flat birthmark on the skin that is usually pink, red or purple. Capillary malformations are caused by a group of capillaries (small veins in the skin) that are wider than normal (dilated). This leads to increased blood flow in the area.

Capillary malformations can appear anywhere on the body but are most common on the face and neck. The birthmark will grow with the child and may become darker and thicker over time. Most of the time they don't need any treatment, except for cosmetic reasons. In rare cases, they can be the sign of another condition.

What are the symptoms of capillary malformations?

A capillary malformation is usually seen at birth. It is a flat spot that may be pink, red or purple. Sometimes, capillary malformations can develop bumps that bleed easily.

In rare cases, a capillary malformation can be the sign of a larger, underlying condition:

• A capillary malformation may be the sign of another condition, such as Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome or Parkes Weber syndrome.
• If the capillary malformation is located directly over the spine, it could be related to a spinal problem.
• If the capillary malformation is located on the eyelid or forehead it could be a sign of Sturge-Weber syndrome, a condition that can cause problems with the eyes or brain.

If you child’s doctor suspects the capillary malformation is related to an underlying condition, they may order additional tests.

What causes capillary malformations?

Capillary malformations are caused by a group of dilated capillaries that increase blood flow through the affected area. It is thought that these capillaries form incorrectly while the baby is developing, but experts do not know why this happens. In a small number of cases, capillary malformations are a part of a larger, underlying condition.

How are capillary malformations treated?

There is no cure for capillary malformations, but in most cases, they can be lightened using pulsed dye laser therapy. Results are usually the best when treatment is started in infancy.

Pulsed dye laser therapy is most effective at lightening capillary malformations on the face. Your child may need several sessions to achieve the best results. In some cases, the capillary malformation may need to be removed by surgery. Your care team at Arkansas Children's is experienced at treating all kinds of capillary malformations and will work with you to create the best treatment plan for your child.